Showing posts with label history. Show all posts
Showing posts with label history. Show all posts

23 August 2011

Message from HKU Vice-Chancellor on the Vice-Premier Li Kequiang incident 香港大學校長對李克強副總理事件的公開信

Dear Colleagues, Students, Alumni and Members of the HKU Family,

The University held a most dignified Centenary Ceremony last week. Vice-Premier Li Keqiang of the State Council, and key officials from Ministries of Education, Science and Technology were among our invited guests. The event gave us the opportunity not only to showcase HKU's many achievements in different aspects, but also to further reaffirm the tie between Hong Kong and the Mainland.  Indeed, as the most international university in China, HKU has an obligation to build a meaningful link between the higher education on the Mainland and that of the world.

Unfortunately, the occasion was marred by some imperfect arrangements and an unhappy incident.

I must admit, with much regret, that the event could have been better planned and organised. However, this was the University's first time to have a state leader attending such an important ceremony on campus. We simply did not have too much experience in organising an event of such nature in a short time frame. We have already received a large volume of feedbacks from students, staff, alumni and members of the community. All comments are important to us as they will help improve our future events of such magnitude. We also consider this an important lesson learnt and are committed to developing an appropriate set of protocols and security measures to ensure that future events would be open and engaging. The autonomy of the University must be safeguarded and freedom of expression guaranteed when any security measure is deployed.

Close to 600 people attended the Ceremony inside Loke Yew Hall. Besides Vice-Premier Li and his delegation, we had students, faculty and staff members, and other guests. There were 40 presidents and scholars from local and overseas universities. Due to the tight schedule, students were invited both as guests and helpers, through Faculty offices and Residential Hall Student Associations and from the "Student Ambassadors" and "Green Gown Guide" programmes. Over 200 students assisted in various aspects of the event organisation, but only some 80 of them attended the Ceremony due to the limited seating capacity of the Hall. We also arranged to have student representatives, including the President of the Students' Union, the President of the Postgraduate Students Association, and student representatives from the Council and Senate, to meet Vice-Premier Li in person. For staff, we extended an invitation to the entire faculty, Assistant Professors and above, and colleagues in the administration and support departments. As for our other guests, invitations were sent to those who have given support to, or have involved in the planning of our various Centenary Celebrations activities, and many of whom were HKU alumni. 

The University did not arrange for a system of registration open to all members of the HKU Family on this occasion simply because of the limited seating capacity and the very tight time frame. It is clear now that such an arrangement was unsatisfactory, despite the fact that we provided a live webcast and there was telecast via several TV stations. We will carefully reflect on how we can improve future arrangements.

Our current campus security is not designed to handle the level of security required for such kind of visit from a state leader.  Therefore, we could only turn to the Hong Kong Police Force and rely on their professional experience and judgment in deciding on the security measures to be deployed on campus. We were all taken aback by the scale of police mobilised on the date of the event.

As far as the confrontation between the Police and students at K K Leung Building is concerned, we judged that the measures the Police used in handling the student protest were unacceptable. The physical contact that resulted in a student being pushed to the ground was unnecessary. We understand that the Police will be reviewing their actions and the University will continue to liaise with them to ensure that similar incidents will never occur again on campus.

I am sorry about the above incident and, as the head of this institution, would like to offer my sincere apologies to our students and alumni for not having been able to prevent it.  I wish to assure them that the University campus belongs to students and teachers and that it will always remain a place for freedom of expression.

I will make sure that HKU continues to stand by its belief in freedom, liberty and diversity. The University will continue to invite leaders of different backgrounds, in different areas, and from all over the world to our campus to bring to us inspiration and ideas.  HKU will also keep reaching out to other parts of the world and continue to engage with different voices and cultures.

We understand the high expectations the public has for HKU and we value the spirit of openness that Hong Kong people embrace.

Today, The University of Hong Kong is for Hong Kong, for China and for the World.  Our road ahead will be challenging, but on the occasion of the University's Centenary, we will continue to stay true to our vision and mission, and look forward to working with all of you to make our coming century an even better and brighter one. 


Professor Lap-Chee Tsui
Vice-Chancellor and President

August 23, 2011



致各位港大同學、教職員、校友及友好
:


香港大學邀請國務院副總理李克強,率領教育、科技等部門主要負責人來訪,出席港大百周年校慶典禮,展示大學各方面的成就,促進香港與內地的交流及了解溝通。作為中國土地上最國際化的大學,港大有責任為內地高等教育與國際接軌作出貢獻。

這是首次有國家領導人出席大學的重要典禮,大學未有籌辦同類活動的經驗,加上籌備過程緊迫,我們必須承認,活動的安排有欠完備。我們虛心聆聽師生、校友和社會人士的寶貴意見,我們會檢討整個典禮的籌備工作,汲取教訓,切實制定一套合適的禮儀及保安規格,以確保未來在籌辦同類型活動時,充份反映公開、平等參與的精神;執法人員在校園內履行職務,必須尊重大學的自主地位,並讓不同意見得到充份表達的機會。

典禮的出席人士約六百人,主要分為學生、教職員、嘉賓、訪問團成員,約四十位海內外的校長和學者。學生方面,由於活動籌備時間相當匆促,需要大量學生協助籌組工作,所以通過學院辦公室和宿舍學生會、以及「學生大使」、「綠袍導賞」等計劃,招募二百多名同學當學生助理, 其中有八十多位參與了典禮。我們亦有安排學生代表,包括學生會會長、研究生會會長、校務委員會及教務委員會的學生代表等,跟李克強副總理有近距離見面。教職員方面,我們向所有助理教授級以上的老師及主要行政和後勤部門發出電郵邀請。嘉賓方面,我們邀請了各項百周年活動參與籌備的人士,當中包括不少校友。

由於典禮的場地陸佑堂座位所限及時間緊迫,這次活動沒有公開邀請所有港大成員登記參加。雖然我們安排網上直播,數家電視台亦作出即場轉播,希望讓更多港大人及市民與我們分享典禮,但事後看來,我們承認這種安排有欠完善,定當再細思應如何改進。

大學校園的保安人員編制, 並無能力符合領導人來訪所需的保安規格,所以只能倚靠警方的專業經驗及判斷,在校園內作出適當部署及調動。 然而,活動當日在校內的警力規模之大,是出乎我們的意料。

對於有學生在梁銶琚樓地下示威期間,遭受警方推撞,我們認為,警方當時處理示威的力度和手法,導致了不必要的肢體衝撞,令學生被推倒地上,絕對不能接受。警方表示會對是次行動進行檢討,這是有必要做的事。我們已去信有關當局,與警方聯絡作出檢討,確保日後在校園內不會有同類事件發生。

我對當天同學與校友在校園裡表達意見時遭遇不愉快的事件,深表遺憾。身為港大校長,對未能防範此事發生,我表示歉意。我在此保證,大學師生是校園的主人,港大永遠是言論自由的堡壘。 

我們必當恪守自由、開放、多元化傳統,繼續邀請來自不同領域、不同國家、不同範疇的領袖人物,為師生帶來啟發、衝擊,讓世界認識港大,讓校園繼續充當一個綻放不同意見、不同文化的平台。


我們深切體會大家對港大的期許、香港人對自由開放精神的珍惜。

香港大學,今日為香港、為中國、為世界而立,前面的挑戰絕不簡單。我們一直在反思港大的使命,並致力與大家共建未來。


香港大學校長徐立之
2011823



港大校長和校友分別就李克強訪校保安發聲明 商業電台 

徐立之道歉 誓保言論自由 學生擬追究警方禁錮 港大願從旁協助

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香港電台

李少光:警方檢討周五交代

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港大明千人聯署登報 促校方道歉一哥下台

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程介明:學術殿堂不容褻瀆

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李少光稱檢討保安 警歸咎天熱壓力大

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18 August 2011

五、六十年代的香港(2)








五、六十年代的香港(1)

我們看過七十年代的香港後,讓我們再走回頭十多二十年,欣賞五、六十年代的香港。



























還想看更多嗎?請繼續欣賞……





18 May 2011

言論自由

言論自由從來得來不易。即使近在二百多年前,在人權法先行者的國度,仍然有人因出版文字記述而被捕。林行止今天回顧英國國會議事錄(Hansard),有感而發,節錄部份如下。


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林行止專欄
2011年5月18日

英國國會議事錄(Hansard)稱漢沙,是以首創把議員老爺在國會發言(辯論)印出的印刷商名字Thomas C. Hansard(1776-1833)為名。在一段長時期內,英國國會被視為「秘密組織」,議員的發言被當作「國家機密」,一七七一年有印刷商印行摘錄的議員發言被捕,但倫敦市長堅信並維護言論自由,「當庭」把他釋放;這位違抗國會命令的市長迅即被當局囚於倫敦塔待審,然而沒有法官肯受理,國會無法命令法官審案,拖拉數月,市長被無罪釋放……。自此之後,國會不再視印行議員發言為罪行。

「報人」威廉.柯柏德(W. Cobbett)於一八○三年創設同名印刷公司,其一項業務是把報章有關議員發言摘要輯錄並印成專頁或小冊子。一八一二年公司因周轉不靈為漢沙收購;唯漢沙的經營一波三折,且曾因「錯誤引述」而被告以誹謗罪。經過長期纏訟,至一八四○年漢沙公司獲發「政府印刷商」牌照,自此漢沙才能合法地把議員的發言紀錄在案;至一八八九年,國會決議津貼漢沙(時已由第二、三代經營),使其有足夠資源把議員在議會內的一切言詞印出以為「永久紀錄」。除了英國,如今所有英國前殖民地包括香港、新加坡、馬來西亞、肯雅、坦桑尼亞、剛果、毛里求斯、牙買加以至加拿大及澳洲等的議會紀錄,都稱漢沙。

過往數百年,學者記者要從漢沙中找資料,都得向國會有關部門登記,然而找出塵封發霉的檔案,逐一查找,既費工夫又不合衞生,以這些數百年數十年的文件只有蠹魚(書蛀蟲)的屍體和「廢卵」的臭味而無「書香」,不但氣味不好聞,長期閱讀尤其是大近視的「聞讀」,還會患上一種所謂「檔案發燒」(archive fever,這本為對終日埋首檔案者的形容)的小毛病;如今一切網上見。按柯伯登的資料,「登入」一八○四年至一八五七年的漢沙,便一目瞭然(這節辯論共四萬多字)。今人治學寫稿之便捷,別說古人,十年前的人做夢亦沒想到。

戰爭的背後

人成熟了,才知道人類過往數百年,向別國發動戰爭的背後原因,都是為了錢。這是中、小學歷史教科書避而不談的,這算不算是愚民政策?林行止今天回顧英國國會議事錄(Hansard),有感而發,節錄部份如下。

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林行止專欄
2011年5月18日

翻閱有關國際貿易特別是英國外貿的史料,從意想不到的來源—英國國會議事錄(Hansard),發現一些筆者以為很有建設性的資料。

眾所周所,在一八三九年(至一八四二年)及一八五六年(至一八六○),英國對我國發動了兩次戰爭(史稱鴉片戰爭);英國侵華在打破滿清閉關自守的國策,目的在迫使清朝進口外國貨尤其是英國製造的產品,因其時工業革命有成,英國開始大規模工業生產,商人急於為其成品找尋海外買家,因此游說政客並由後者說服政府以堅船利炮打開中國門戶。

在十九世紀中期,清朝對外出口茶葉、瓷器、絲綢及其他紅鬚綠眼輩趨之若鶩的「奢侈品」,由於不准進口不買外國貨,清朝因此錄得巨額貿易順差(貿盈)。縱橫四海有年自恃武功蓋世的英國,遂兩次用兵,把腐敗顢頇的滿清打得伏伏貼貼,不得不賠款兼開放海禁對外通商。可是,除了對華輸進大宗鴉片,英商的工業產品無法打進中國消費市場,這是因為中國消費者品味有異於西人及人民購買力有限有以致之。台灣學者巫仁恕在《品味奢華:晚明的消費社會與士大夫》(中央研究院叢書)一書,引述美國學者對十五至十八世紀中國消費市場的研究,指出「中國對西方輸入的舶來品,除了白銀之外,(對)其他商品興趣不大;而進口中國的舶來品,大多是東南亞的燕窩、魚翅(按還有香料、木材、犀牛角與象牙)這些屬於採集而來的稀有奢侈品,對中國國內產生的刺激毫無幫助;相對地,同時期的歐洲用殖民地白銀換取東南亞商品,造成快速運轉與淘汰的時尚體系。故而中西方在十八世紀中葉以後,消費速度出現西快中慢的差異。」這段話適足以說明和其他歐洲國家一樣,英商亦無法分中國消費市場杯羹。

英商對中國消費市場的期待與失望,可從一八五七年二月二十六日下議院自由黨議員(本身為工業家)柯伯登(R. Cobden, 1804-1861)的發言上清楚看出。在這次冗長的發言中,這位激進議員指出,當英廷和滿清簽署條約(按:應指一八四二年的南京〔不平等〕條約)時,英商對中國市場寄予莫大的期盼,「蘭開夏(郡)的廠商歡喜若狂,他們認為『這個有三億人口帝國的子民,只要一人購買一頂棉質睡帽,我們的工廠便全年無休!』」結果蘭開夏郡的紡織商大失所望(一如二十世紀七十年代初期希望每個中國人購買一支原子筆的美商),以「過去三年對中國的平均出口額每年約為一百二十五萬鎊,這與戰前(按:指第一次鴉片戰爭)的情況並無二致。事實上,一八四二年以來,我國對中國的工業產品輸出無絲毫進展……我國對華貿易量上升,皆因我們輸進更多的中國茶葉……。」

從鴉片貿易談到與中國(滿清)為敵,柯伯登的發言發人深省。十八世紀中葉,特別是第一次鴉片戰爭後,英國外貿形勢表面大好。英國以賣鴉片所得,就地購進中國特產,雙邊貿易額大增;英國對印度的貿易亦勝前,以英國對印度出口漂白棉布(按:用印度棉花紡成的白棉布),並把所得購進鴉片,而這些鴉片一轉手便輸往中國。不過,除此之外,中英貿易並無進展……。柯伯登這樣分析︰「印度人若不種鴉片,肯定會種其他可以換取英國棉布的作物;中國不購鴉片,必然會採購其他英國產品,但這個問題太複雜。我想說的是,當利物浦商人向政府施壓要求政府派軍艦與他們的商船同行進入中國海港及內河口岸時,其藉口必然是這樣做可以促進雙方貿易,而發動新一輪戰爭肯定有相同效果;但事實顯示,與中國為敵的後果是雙方貿易萎縮而非增長。」

一百五十年前,英商垂涎中國三億人口市場,但用武力無法達到打進中國消費市場的目的;如今英(世界)商看中中國十三億人口的市場,而且是消費力及消費意欲愈來愈強愈旺的市場;然而,和一百五十年前一樣,與中國不友善肯定打不開這個市場!

11 October 2006

七十年代的香港 (2)



這是一九七零年代與二零零六年的中環皇后像廣場對出的一段干諾道之比較。以往的海邊,現已變成陸地,維港變得狹窄。照片的對比讓我們發現,新世紀的香港失去了藍天。小時候,常見藍天,卻不懂珍惜。到今天,藍天通常要借助Photoshop ,真可悲!


你可知道五、六十年代的香港是怎樣的?請欣賞……

七十年代的香港 (1)



這是一九七零年代與二零零六年的中環干諾道文華酒店以西一段之比較。最搶眼的分別,是七十年代的巴士現在全都由冷氣巴士取代,代價是街道上的氣溫上升、廢氣增加。背景的文華酒店,在二零零六年全新裝修,但外貌分別不大,是建築物現代化的典範。真不明白為何其他的建築物總要拆毀後再重建,由典雅變成平凡的建築。難道政府沒有辦法解決地積比率 (plot ratio) 的問題嗎?